基于管治理念的区域整合新手段：建设跨行政边界工业园区

长期以来,具有浓厚计划经济特性的行政区划调整被作为一种实现区域整合的主要手段广泛使用。近年来,建设跨行政边界工业园区由于顺应了当前的社会经济发展趋势,实现了“好的管治”,而成为种实现区域整合的新的有效手段。两种手段的综合运用,将更有利于快速推进我国的区域整合。     

Distance-differential protection of transmission lines connected to wind farms

Distance relays are often used in the protection of the transmission lines connected to the wind farms. The distance relay using the transmission line impedance measurement identifies the type and location of the fault. However any other factors that cause the failure of the measured impedance, makes the relay detect the fault in incorrect location or do not detect the fault at all. One of these factors is the fault resistance which directly increases the measured impedance by the relay. One of the methods to eliminate relay under-reach effect is using of the trip boundaries. Trip boundaries are changing with wind variation and following with output power of the wind farms. Therefore, trip boundaries should continuously change proportional by the wind speed. In this paper, a method is provided based on the combination of distance and differential protection. In this method, using active power calculation in both ends of the transmission line, fault resistance is calculated and its effects are directly deducted from the calculated impedance by the relay. Therefore, variable trip boundaries are not needed anymore. Also in this method, unlike the technique that the trip boundaries are used, the exact location of fault and its distance from the relay also is calculated. Detailed model of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a wind turbine is used in the modelling. Results of studies show that the presented method eliminates properly the mal-operation of relays under all different fault resistance conditions.     

预扭转及退火热处理对TA2拉伸力学性能的影响

研究了预扭转和退火热处理对TA2拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明,预扭转可显著增强TA2的拉伸屈服强度和极限强度,在一定范围内屈服强度随预扭转角增加而增大,当预扭转角超过一定值(6π)时,屈服强度急剧下降;极限强度随预扭转角增大一直呈上升趋势;延伸率随预扭转角的增加逐渐降低。预扭转后TA2不同温度(350～750℃)下的退火热处理试验表明,随着退火温度的提高,TA2强度逐渐降低,650℃时其强度已降低至母材初始值;延伸率随退火温度的升高而逐渐升高,但不能完全恢复至母材初始值。观察断口发现,随着预扭转角增加断口韧窝逐渐变小、变浅,预扭转为8π时出现了河流发散状的解理条纹。金相组织表明,预扭转后产生的大量孪晶和形变组织是导致TA2强度增大的主要原因。     

Study of Temperature Dependence of Electrode–Glass Ceramic Interface Using Impedance Spectroscopy

The electrical behavior of strontium titanate borosilicate glass ceramics (SrO.TiO₂- 2SiO₂.B₂O₃) with additives K₂O, La₂O₃, CoO and Nb₂O₅ was studied by using Impedance Spectroscopy as a function of temperature and composition. An equivalent circuit model having three parallel RC's connected in series with a capacitor C₄ could represent the data well. By comparing the complex modulus plots with simulated ones and looking at the values of the time constants these RC's were attributed to represent crystalline, glassy and glass-crystal interface regions of the glass- ceramic whereas C₄ represented the glass-ceramic sample and contact electrode interface. When the glass ceramic sample contained only SrTiO₃ crystalline phase and the remaining glassy matrix, the interface capacitance showed an Arrhenius type of nature with an activation energy (0.11 ± 0.04) eV and when the glass- ceramic sample contained number of crystalline phases no clear cut trend appeared. These findings are useful in selecting suitable electrodes for applications as well as in deciding upon experimental techniques for measurement of dielectric constants of materials.     

Progression of wet granulation in a twin screw extruder comparing two binder delivery methods

The two available wetting methods for twin screw granulation, namely foam delivery and liquid injection, were studied in detail by examining granule development along the screws as powder formulation and screw design were varied. Granulation profiles were determined by particle size analysis of samples along the screws collected using the “screw pullout” technique. Analysis of the particle size and porosity of produced granules revealed only minor differences between the two methods of wetting despite the larger dropsize of liquid injection compared to foam delivery. Excipients like microcrystalline cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with poor spreading properties, quantified by their specific penetration time and nucleation ratio, made the differences more apparent. The general similarities in granulation independent of wetting method implied that binder dispersion in an extruder was dominated by mechanical dispersion. Screw design (i.e., location of kneading block) had the dominant effect on the granulation process in this study. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 780–791, 2015     

Effects of pre-sintering and annealing on the optical transmittance of Zr-doped Y2O3 transparent ceramics fabricated by vacuum sintering conjugated with post-hot-isostatic pressing

In this work, Zr-doped Y₂O₃ transparent ceramics were fabricated by vacuum pre-sintering at various temperatures ranging from 1650 to 1800 °C combined with a post-hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment. The pre-sintered samples all show black opaqueness mainly due to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which can be removed by post-annealing in air. The HIP treatment can also eliminate the blackness as well as residual pores, giving rise to optical transparency. The in-line transmittance of the samples after HIP was found to depend strongly on the microstructure of the as-sintered samples. The optimal microstructure of these types of samples before the HIP treatment should be fine grained with only intergranular pores, which can easily be removed by HIP. Annealing before HIP was shown to be necessary to enhance the transmittance of the samples. The effects of the pre-sintering heating rate on the optical transmittance of the HIP-treated samples were also studied.     

Electromechanical properties of printed copper ink film using a white flash light annealing process for flexible electronics

We report on a systematic study of the electromechanical properties of flexible copper (Cu) thin film for flexible electronics. Cu ink is synthesized with chemical reduction process. Cu ink film spin-coated on a polyimide substrate is annealed with white flash light, also known as intense pulsed light (IPL), which guarantees a room temperature and sub-second process in ambient conditions. IPL annealed Cu film shows the electrical resistivity of 4.8 μΩ cm and thickness of 200 nm. The electromechanical properties of IPL annealed Cu film are investigated via outer/inner bending, stretching, and adhesion tests, and it is compared with conventional electron-beam evaporated Cu film. IPL annealed Cu film shows a constant electrical resistance within a bending radius of 6 mm. The bending fatigue test shows that the Cu film can withstand 10,000 bending cycles. In the stretching test, the Cu film shows a 50% increase in resistance when a strain of 2.4% was induced. At 4% strain, the resistance increases more than 200%. Meanwhile, the electron-beam evaporated film shows a constant resistance up to a strain of 4%. Lower stretchability of IPL annealed Cu film is attributed to its inherent cracks and porous film morphologies. IPL annealing induces the local melting at the interface between the substrate and Cu film, which increases the adhesion strength of the Cu film. These results provide useful information regarding the mechanical flexibility and durability of the nanoparticle films for the development of flexible electronics.     

基于伺服压力机镁合金冷压缩组织和硬度研究

为研究变速变形对镁合金微观组织和硬度的影响,采用1 100 k N机械伺服压力机,对AZ31镁合金在曲柄匀速驱动和曲柄单向减速驱动两种模式下进行了室温压缩实验,分析了两种速度模式不同变形量下试样的微观组织与硬度演化规律.研究表明:两种变速模式下,在压缩初始阶段,均有少量平行孪晶产生于粗大晶粒内,且孪晶宽度大;随着变形量增大,孪晶密度增大且呈细长化.在曲柄匀速驱动模式下,孪晶长而细且分布散乱,无规则交错;而曲柄单向减速驱动模式下孪晶由宽大转变为细长,多组平行孪晶相互交叉,均匀分布且孪晶密度增大.不同变形量下,曲柄单向减速驱动模式下的试样硬度均小于曲柄匀速驱动模式,但在接近极限压缩量(25%)时,其硬度值又趋于相同.     

中子全息术中孪生像消除模拟

在中子全息照相的记录过程中,参考波与物波近似沿同一方向传播至全息屏,并在重建时形成不可分离的原像和共轭像,在特定波长下,两者可能干涉相消,产生孪生像现象。受制于中子探测效率和单色器能量分辨率,目前中子全息成像中孪生像的消除技术尚未得到系统的理论和实验研究。本文采用数值方法对已成功应用于X射线全息孪生像消除的两种全息记录及重建技术展开模拟,讨论基于研究堆的中子全息成像技术实现孪生像消除的可行性,并从实验效率和重建质量出发,对单色器分辨率、波数记录间隔、波数记录范围等关键参数进行定量分析和优化选取。结果表明,在研究堆中子源相对较低的单色器分辨率和较窄的可选能区条件下,通过记录2~4个不同能点的全息图即可获取较理想的中子全息重建结果。